al-Salāmu ‘alaykum wa rahmatullāh,
As the new student begins to learn Arabic vocabulary, one of the things that immediately strikes them is that a single word will often have many different shades of meaning. This phenomenon is known as al-Ishtiraak (lit. 'sharing', 'association') and such words are referred to as being a mushtarak lafdhee المشترك اللفظي.
Knowledge of this branch of Arabic is important because it often deeply enriches their understanding of the wonders and miracle of the Qur'an, as well as deepening their appreciation for the language of the Qur'an itself. Thus, it is a topic that many scholars dealt with, either in independant books devoted entirely to the subject or as chapters within other books.
One such word is the word al-'ayn العين. Lexicologists differed as to how many meanings this word has precisely; al-Fayroozabaadi mentions in al-Qaamoos that it has 47 meanings, while Muhammad al-Fasee said in his "Annotations on the Qaamoos" that it has over 100 meanings, and 17 of them appear in the Qur'an. Among its meanings are the eye, the spring [of water], the hollow of the knee, the ballista (type of cross-bow), and buds of plants.
One example of this from the Qur'an is the word du'aa' دعاء, among the meanings of which are as follows. The alternate meanings are in bold, and the verse as it is commonly translated is in italics (Saheeh Intl. translation) to show that the variations in meaning are not reflected outright.
1. Worship, as in 10:106:
وَلَا تَدْعُ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لَا يَنْفَعُكَ وَلَا يَضُرُّك
And do not invoke (تَدْعُ ) besides Allah that which neither b enefits you nor harms you, for if you did, then indeed you would be of the wrongdoers.
2. Seeking the help of others, as in 2:23:
وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ وَادْعُواْ شُهَدَاءكُم مِّن دُونِ اللّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ
And if you are in doubt concerning what We have sent down upon Our Servant, then produce a surah the like thereof and call upon (وَادْعُواْ) your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful.
3. Making a request, as in 40:60:
وَقَالَ رَبُّكُمُ ادْعُونِي أَسْتَجِبْ لَكُم
And your Lord says, "Call upon Me (ادْعُونِي); I will respond to you."
4. A call, as in 17:52:
يَوْمَ يَدْعُوكُمْ فَتَسْتَجِيبُونَ بِحَمْدِهِ
On the Day He will call you (يَدْعُوكُمْ) and you will respond with praise of Him
5. Naming someone something, as in 24:63,
لَا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضًا
Do not make [your] calling (دُعَاءَ) of the Messenger among yourselves as the call of one of you to another.
13 responses so far ↓
Arshad // March 13, 2006 at 10:37 pm |
Walaikum asalaam,
With so many variations (in the example you gave, over 100), how is one supposed to know which meaning is intended?
arabicgems // March 19, 2006 at 5:13 pm |
The context is usually the biggest clue. For example, when Allaah (subhaanahu wa ta’aalaa) mentioned the word ‘ayn in surah al-Baqarah, verse 60, it is obvious that springs were being referred to, rather than eyes, or the hollows of the knees.
One of the beautiful aspects of the Qur’an is when the context allows the possibility of more than one shade of meaning for a word.
Neon Knight // March 19, 2006 at 6:01 pm |
aslamu alikum this is awesome stuff. For me this is some high level stuff…as im just a lay man. I was wondering in what context is ayn used in hoor al ayn…as it happens that some modernists try to say that it does not mean the maidens of paradise rather some sort of raisins (fruit)…..
arabicgems // March 19, 2006 at 6:18 pm |
Wa ‘alaykum al-Salaam,
Linguistically, hoor is the plural of hawraa’ which refers to a person who has hawar (meaning the white part is extremely white and the black part is extremely black) in their eyes. According to Taaj al-’Aroos, a person can only be hawraa’ if they have a white complexion as well as hawar of their eyes. This is one example where the context clarifies the meaning of the word – as the word ‘hoor’ itself is related to the eye, it would suggest that ‘een is also related to the eye.
There is a refutation of the allegation that hoor refer to white raisins at the following link:
http://atrueword.com/index.php/article/articleview/43/1/4/
Arabic Gems ~ جواهر العربية » Too sweet for words. // April 16, 2006 at 5:58 pm |
[...] The opposite end of the ishtiraak phenomenon in which a single word has many shades of meaning, is that of al-taraaduf الترادف – synonyms – where many words share the same meaning. There has been much debate among the linguists over whether there actually are complete synonyms in Arabic, or whether every word has its own particular shade of meaning. One of the most famous books written in support of the latter theory is Mu'jam al-Furooq al-Lughawiyyah by Abu Hilal al-'Askari, in which he pointed out the subtle differences between seemingly synonymous words. [...]
Arabic Gems ~ جواهر العربية » Two ends of the same stick. // April 20, 2006 at 4:50 pm |
[...] There is a category of words in Arabic known as al-ad`daad الأضداد. They are a type of ishtiraak in which a single word shares different shades of meaning, but what is special about the ad`daad is that the same word is applied to two completely opposite meanings. For example, the word jawn جَوْن can mean either black or white, and Ibn Faaris mentioned in his book al-Saahibee fee Fiqh al-Lughah that it was among the customs of the Arabs to apply words in such a way. [...]
rajesh // June 19, 2006 at 11:02 am |
hi
what do you mean by fasee in arabic ???? is there any meaning for it
Billo // June 19, 2006 at 1:02 pm |
Assalamu 3alaikum,
My best guess would be Faasee فاسيّ = from the city of Faas فاس (which is a city in Morroco). The same way you’d say:
American = Amreekee أمريكيّ = from America
Canadian = Canadee كنديّ = from Canada كندا
(Notice the Shaddah شدّة on the yaa’ at the end of each word. This yaa’ is called “yaa’ Al-nisbah” ياء النسبة (Yaa’ of relativeness) which converts a noun into a form that indicates an association/relation/type.
The relation doesn’t have to be to a place. The noun can indicates a type of people (certain race, certain ideology, certain class, etc), or color, or type of material, or type of anything actually:
Islamee إسلاميّ = Islamic
Hanafee حنفيّ = following the Madhab of Abu Haneefah
Bunnee بنيّ = brown = which litterally comes from Bunn بنّ (coffee beans); hence it means that is has the color of coffee beans (i.e. brown)
Burtuqaalee برتقاليّ = orange = literally comes from Burtuqaal برتقال (or orange)
Aristuqraatee أرستقراطيّ = aristoctatic
Sha`bee شعبيّ = folk = comes from Sha`b شغب (which means “the people”)
Thahabee ذهبيّ = golden = coming from thahab ذهب (which means gold)
Jasadee جسديّ = physical = comes from Jasad جسد (which means body)
Battekhee بطّيخيّ = “watermelony” = coming from Batteekh بطّيخ which means watermelon.
(Note: I am assuming there is an “a” missing in “fasee”. I have googled for محمد الفاسي but I haven’t found him to be the author of the book mentioned above. I may be incorrect in my assumption. Allah knows best.)
Please keep me in your du’a.
Assalamu 3alaikum.
Andrew // June 26, 2006 at 12:37 am |
لا تصلِّ وراء فاسٍ
Billo // June 26, 2006 at 1:33 am |
How would you be able to tell?
Submit and obey. « Arabic Gems ~ جواهر العربية // April 1, 2007 at 2:30 pm |
[...] there appear mushtarak lafdhee words in the Qur’an, that sound and are written the same as one another, but appear to be [...]
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www.homequran.com // May 28, 2009 at 6:28 pm |
alamu’alaikum wa rahmatallah
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